A Comparative Error Analysis of Time‑of‑Flight Cameras

How seven researchers turned depth sensing into a fair fight — and why it matters for robots, medicine, and your living room

Which depth cameras are how stable? Image created with DALL-E

Time‑of‑flight (ToF) cameras don’t just see the world; they measure it. By bathing a scene in invisible, rapidly modulated light and timing how long those photons take to bounce back, a ToF sensor computes distance per pixel — yielding a live, 3‑D map of the world. This ability is transforming…